Waste Management

ST. THOMAS COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION, PALA

                                       

PROJECT

A STUDY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Submitted

To

Dr. Sr. Celene Joseph

Vice Principal, Associate Professor

Physical Science Education

                                               

By

Sr. Samantha Liz Sebastian

B.Ed Physical science

No. 145

20/4/2013

CONTENTS

1.  Introduction

2.  Significance of the study

3.  Objectives of the study

4.  Theoretical overview

                    I.        What is waste?

                  II.        Types of wastes

                III.        Act and Rule

                IV.        Hierarchy of waste management

                  V.        What is 3R?

                VI.        Innovative waste management practices

5.  Methodology

                    I.        Selection of the sample

                  II.        Sampling method

                III.        Existing methods of waste management

6.  Scoring of the data

7.  Interpretation and analysis

8.  Inferences

9.  Suggestions

10.  Conclusion

11.  Sources

12.  Acknowledgement

INTRODUCTION

          Today there is not a single country left in the world that is not affected by pollution. Our surroundings are polluted in one or other way. The conditions are so bad that the three important and basic necessities for our survival is endangered as land, water, and air have become polluted.

          The major threat to world’s environmental pollution is from the large amount of solid and liquid wastes generated every day. We can see lots of wastes near the houses, and near the communities, street corners and market places which are not properly disposed off into the municipal bins. This enormous waste generations as well as improper waste disposal from a low priority, localized issue to an invasive social and environmental problem with risks to public health and environment. Therefore, we have to consider waste management as one of the most essential services required for maintaining the quality of life and for ensuring better standards of health and sanitation. If not, it violates the constitutional rights of people; it becomes a human rights issue.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          The accumulation of the wastes in the man’s environment creates health hazards because of the following reasons:

1.   The organic portion of the solid waste gives rise to fly breeding.

2.   The pathogens may be conveyed to men through flies and dust.

3.   The waste attracts rats.

4.   There is a possibility of water pollution if rain water passes over the wastes.

5.  There is a risk of air pollution if there is combustion of wastes.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out the various wastes and its classifications.

2. To aware about the act and rule regarding waste management

3. To collect the knowledge of innovative waste management practices

4. To collect the knowledge about different methods used for waste management according to:

                                                     i.        Hospital

                                                   ii.        School

                                                  iii.        Press

                                                  iv.        Tailoring centre

                                                    v.        Market

                                                  vi.        House

5.   To study the problems facing in existing waste management           practices

THEORETICAL OVERVIEW

What is waste?

          Waste is a resource.

                             Waste traditionally has been seen having no value. In a resource efficient  economy and society, the term ‘waste’ would refer only to those residual materials that have absolutely no potential to be utilized and, therefore, economic value. Under this definition, traditionally ‘valueless’ streams of waste can be considered resources for a new tier of the economy. They can be recovered (or prevented being lost) through greater efficiency and management at every stage of production and consumption. Even some hazardous or toxic materials may be recycled or re-refined for use.

Types of Wastes

1.   Solid waste : bio-degradable and non- biodegradable

                                     I.        Garbage: decomposable waste from slaughter houses and market refuse.                

                                   II.        Rubbish: non – decomposable and combustible wastes like paper, wood, cloth, rubber, leather etc. and non-combustible waste like metals, glass ceramics, stones etc. are included in it.

                                 III.        Ash: fly ash from thermal plants, residues of combusting of soil fuels, incineration of solid wastes.

                                 IV.        Hospital wastes: cotton, plaster, ampoules needles and operation theatre wastes.

                                   V.        Large wastes: debris from construction sites, old furniture, automobiles.

                                 VI.        Sludge

                               VII.        Industrial solid waste                                          

                             VIII.        Mining waste

                                 IX.        Agricultural waste

2.           Liquid waste: water having faecal matter and gray                       water.

3.           Domestic waste: garden waste.

4.           Hazardous (radio- active) wastes:

                                         I.        Routine low level radio- active emissions.

                                       II.        High level radioactive wastes.

                                     III.        Leaks and accidents within the nuclear power plants.

Act and Rule

        Environmental Protection Act, (1986)

               

                The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 is a comprehensive piece of legislation enacted by Government of India, to prevent disruption of ecology. The act came into force on Nov. 9^th 1986, which extends to the whole of India and has the following objectives.

1.   It coordinates the activities of the various regulatory agencies already functioning in India.

2.   To create authority with adequate powers for protecting the environment.

3.   To regulate the discharge of environmental pollution of handling of hazardous substances.

4.   To provide quick response in the event of accidents causing damages to the environment and deterrent punishment to those who pollute human environment and endanger human safety and health.

5.   To provide confidence in the minds of the public against the danger of pollution.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rule

         

                    The rule was notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India (vide No.S.O. 908(B) dated the 25^th September 2000). The objective of these Rules is to make every municipal authority responsible to develop an effective infrastructure for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste. The civic bodies have the responsibility to enforce these rules. The major functions of civic body include prohibiting littering of street; organizing house to house waste collection; conducting awareness programs to disseminate information to public; providing adequate community storage facilities; use of colour code bins and promotion of waste segregation, transport of wastes in covered vehicles; processing of waste etc. As per the Rules, the citizens are also responsible on the delivery of wastes in accordance with the delivery system notified by the respective Civic body.

Hierarchy of waste management

          The efficiency of the waste management program can be increased by giving attention to whole mechanism from the very basic level of operation i.e. at the source itself.

          Waste management will directly reduce the hazards of environment pollution and helps to bring back the balance of our ecosystem.

          There are more than 522 towns and cities, which are hubs of rapid economic development and population growth, generate thousands of tons of waste from domestic, industrial, commercial, health care facilities and agricultural sources that must be managed daily. Low collection coverage, unavailable transport services, and lack of suitable treatment, recycling and disposal facilities are responsible for unsatisfactory waste management, leading to water, land and air pollution, and for putting people and the environment at risk.

What is 3R?

          The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often called the

"3Rs."

• Reducing means choosing to use items with care to reduce the amount of waste generated.

• Reusing involves the repeated use of items or parts of items which still have usable aspects.

• Recycling means the use of waste itself as resources. Waste minimization can be achieved in an efficient way by focusing primarily on the first of the 3Rs, "reduce," followed by "reuse" and then "recycle." The waste hierarchy refers to the "3Rs" i.e., reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability. The 3Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance. The waste hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade, but the basic concept has remained the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.

Knowledge Regarding Waste Management

          It is necessary to seriously study the waste management practices because development cannot be achieved without creating awareness and knowledge and without the participation of the people. Then only we can create a hazardous environment all around us. In order to extend the new knowledges about waste management we can focus on various communication media such as internet, film shows, pamphlets, booklets, postures, charts etc.

 INNOVATIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

1.    Source Separation of waste

                  

                   The Environmental Committee propagated segregation of waste at source and four-way segregation has been adopted to collect: (i) recyclable beverage containers, (ii) clean paper waste, (iii) organic waste and (iv) residual waste.

                   Promote source separation of municipal waste at household level which can lead to availability of better quality of recyclables which subsequently enables people to fetch higher price for recyclables, reduce frequency of injury of the waste collector/recyclers, assist in promoting recycling of  inorganic waste, reduce the use of virgin materials in production process of new products.

2.   Community Based Urban solid waste management

                

                    Composting is a means of recapturing value from waste through the utilization of natural biodegradation process to convert organic materials into soil additives. It has the potential to reduce the cost of waste disposal, minimize large scale public health risk, produce a clean and readily marketable finished product and help to increase the recovery rate of recyclable materials.   Improve the solid waste related problems by promoting community based solid waste recycling activities. Create job opportunities from solid waste recycling activities. Conduct study, research, documentation and experiments on solid waste recycling, clinical waste management, and organic farming. Develop a community, private-sector and municipal partnerships to improve the overall environment.

3.    Composting of waste

         

                   A ‘Barrel Type Composting’ program was initiated in Dhaka with the support from Local Initiative Facility for Environment (LIFE) Program of UNDP. A specially designed 200 liter perforated green barrel with a lid was supplied to the slum. One green barrel is provided to a group of six households and placed on a raised base with concrete ring. Slum dwellers using the Compost Barrels are imparted training and motivated to dispose their kitchen waste into the green barrel. waste decomposed aerobically into compost in three months time period. Cost of barrel can be recovered within a 4 (four) years time period from the sale of compost produced from the barrel.

4.    School Composting Program

                  

                   American International School at Baridhara is promoting 3R at their campus and installing an in-house rooftop compost plant for effective organic waste management as part of their commitment to become an environment friendly institution. In 1998, an initiative by AISD shows how 3R can be promoted, how institutional waste can be segregated and recycled within the campus with the active participation of students, teachers and staffs. From a baseline study it was found every day... tons of waste generates in the school and a major portion of this waste is organic. With the technical assistance from waste Concern, the school authority established a compost plant on the roof of the school successfully, where organic waste from class rooms, offices, dining hall and kitchen is coming to the compost plant. The recyclables are kept in the separate bins and later sold to dealers.

          5. Medium Scale Commercial Composting

                  

                   In 26 Towns of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2006, organic waste recycled plants produced 31,100 tons of compost during this period. Having beneficiaries about 2.9 million. Created jobs for 986 urban poor, saved landfill area of 33.12 acres of 1 meter depth land. Production of compost involves two types of costs, fixed cost involved in composting plant and operational cost for running the plant. There are three major incomes from a compost plant, such as, proceedings from compost sale, recyclables and house-to-house collection fee. An efficient compost plant has a payback period at 48 months.

6. Agricultural waste Used for Biogas Generation and Improved       Cook Stoves

                            

                             Biogas, which is mainly composed of methane (60-70%) and carbon dioxide (30-40%) is a combustible gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic materials by the action of methanogenic bacteria. Methane is odorless gas and burns with a clear blue flame without smoke. It produces more heat than kerosene, fuel wood, charcoal and dung-cakes. When biogas is used in suitable designed burners, it gives a clean, smokeless, blue flame, which is ideal for cooking. If biogas is used in specially designed lamp it gives a light similar to the kerosene pressure lamps. Biogas can be used for other purposes such as electricity generation, refrigeration, space heating and running engines but higher amount gas will be required for these purposes. Family size biogas plant is appropriate only for the domestic use such as cooking and lightin

7. Bio-plastics and biodegradable plastics

 

       Bio-plastics or organic plastics are a form of plastic derived from renewable biomass source such as vegetable oil, corn starch and genetically modified microbes. The production and use of bio-plastics have more sustainable activity when compared with plastic production from petroleum derivatives (petro plastics). Biodegradable plastics from natural materials such as vegetable crop derivatives or animal products absorb carbon dioxide while growing and releasing carbon dioxide when they are decomposing; hence there is not net gain in carbon dioxide emissions. There is also a possibility that bacteria will eventually develop the ability to degrade plastics.

                      The following types of plastics sources may be some of our future choices.

·              Bio plastics made from natural materials such as corn starch

·              Biodegradable plastics made from traditional petro chemicals, which are engineered to break down rapidly

·              Recycled plastics, which are simply plastics made from recycled plastic materials rather than raw petro-chemicals

                             One of the greatest advantages of bioplastic production is that these plastics are made from renewable sources. Bio plastics degrade much faster than petroleum based plastics, so they disappear and are absorbed by nature much faster and easier. Because of the benefits and advantages, bio plastics and biodegradable plastics are both sustainable and environment friendly future choices, when it comes to our plastic needs.

8. Zero waste

         

                             The goal of Zero Waste is to have waste reduction programs in place and purchasing options available that will allow residents and businesses to be waste-free with a minimum of personal effort. A central feature of Zero Waste involves the treatment of organic waste, which represents over 30% of the MSW through composting of all organic waste, both residential and commercial, within town limits. Composting was propagated at three levels:

1. Backyard residential, employing backyard composters and food waste digesters (Green Cones): designed for the homeowner, these inexpensive aerobic digesters can compost all household organics, including meats, bones, dairy products and other kitchen waste not normally backyard composted;

2. Neighbourhood composters (low-tech multi-household composting facilities located throughout town): designed for multi-family shared use, these larger low-tech composting bins have three compartments and can handle virtually the same organic waste as Green Cones; and

3. Earth Tubs serving restaurants, grocery stores and other commercial organic waste producers: can handle up to 200 pounds of organic waste per day.

             

Other innovative practices

         

                    India with an holistic approach to sustainability deploying green practices in all areas including air conditioning, thermal engineering, energy efficient lighting, water, as well as creating 'green guest experience'. Use of eco-responsible toiletries and cleaning materials, allergen free mattress and pillow protections, and eco-friendly amenities, for example, bathrobes are made of organic cotton and recycled stationery.

           Recycling process is approached from multi-pronged ways. On one hand this approach tries to reduce the waste at source by providing the laundry in jute baskets rather than harmful plastics another provision allows the recycling of discarded fabric or linen with the help of housekeeping department. Broken glass is reused by adapting to various shapes of platters. Another measure include use of eco-friendly pen and pencils made up of cardboard which is free of chlorine, potted plants, handcrafted slippers and use of 25% of recycled papers. Even the tissue boxes and jars are made from environment friendly wood.

         

          Garbage bags used by the hotels are made from the recycled plastic and milk pouches. Provision of separate recycle bin has been followed in the each room of the hotel .Waste paper is recycled to make the brochure while by use of efficient lightning. Operational practices include use of hangers made from sawdust, laundry bags made up of reusable cloths instead of plastic bags and use of recyclable baskets.

METHODOLOGY    

 

  Selection of the sample

     To study the existing methods of various waste management practices sample of different sectors of a municipal area was selected.

Sampling method

     Purposive sampling method was used for the selection of the     sample for study.

    Data collection was done with the help of four tools.

A.   An interview cum observation was used to study the existing practices of waste management and the problems facing for proper waste management in six different sectors. During interview, since it is an informal one, the questions were asked randomly. The general questions regarding to:

v Control of generation

v Method of waste disposal

v Facing problems

v Transport

v Re-use

v Recycling

B.  Electronic sources like internet is used study.

C.    The library of our college has been used to collect printed sources as books and publications.

D.  Articles and other publications in print periodicals.

E.   These include print periodicals such as scholarly journals, magazines etc.

         

     The study was carried out for over a period of three months from Jan 15^th to April18th 2013.

     The investigator personally met the managers of different sectors to collect the knowledge for study.

Existing Methods of Waste Management

1.   Open  dumping

2.   Dumping in riverbanks

3.   Landfills

4.   Burning

5.   Deep Burial

6.   Incineration

7.   Recycling

8.   Re-use

9.   Composting

10.   Using as cattle feed

SCORING OF THE DATA

       

SAMPLE	INCINERATION	RECYCLING	BURNING	DEEP BURIAL	COMPOSTING
school			ü
hospital	ü			ü	ü
tailoring centre			ü
press		ü
market			ü		ü
house			ü

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

          INCINERATION: Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion of waste material. It is also described as ‘thermal treatment’. Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash. It is used to decompose of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste.    It is organized as a practical method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials. Modern incinerators are designed to destroy at least 99.9% of the organic waste material they handle. In these plants the recyclable material is segregated and the rest of the material is burnt. At the end of the process all that is behind is ash. During the process some of the ash floats out with the hot air. This is called fly ash. Both the fly ash and the ash that is left in the furnace after burning have high concentrations that is buried at the landfills leaches the area and cause severe contamination.

Advantages

·              requires minimum land

·              can be operated in any weather

·              produces stable odor-free residue

·              refuse volume is reduced by half

Disadvantages

·              expensive to build and operative

·              high energy requirement

·              requires skilled personnel and continuous maintenance

·              it produces tones of toxic ash and pollutes the air and water

          LANDFILLS: Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying waste to dispose it, and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfills are generally located in urban areas where a large amount of waste is generated and has to be dumped in a common place. Unlike an open dump, it is a pit that is dug in the ground. Landfills are often established in disused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. The garbage is dumped and the pit is covered thus preventing the breeding of flies and rats. At the end of each day, a layer of soil is scattered on top of it and some mechanism, usually earth- moving equipment is used to compress the garbage. Thus, everyday, garbage is dumped and becomes a cell. After the landfill is full, the area is covered with a thick layer of mud and the site can thereafter be developed as a parking lot or a park.

          A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method of deposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate. Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down an aerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a gas. Many landfills also have landfills gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity. Landfills have many problems. All types of waste are dumped in landfills and when water seeps through them it gets contaminated and in turn pollutes the surrounding area. The contamination of groundwater and soil through landfills is known as leaching.

          SANITARY LANDFILL: An alternative to landfills which will solve the problem of leaching to some extent is a sanitary landfill which is more hygienic and built in a methodical manner. These are linked with materials that are impermeable such as plastics and clay, and are also built over impermeable soil. Constructing sanitary landfills is very costly and they are having their own problems. Some authorities claim that often the plastic liner develops cracks as it reacts with various chemical solvents present in the waste.

          The rate of decomposition in sanitary landfills is also extremely variable. This can be due to the fact that less oxygen is available as the garbage is compressed very tightly. It has also been observed that some biodegradable materials do not decompose in a landfill. Another major problem is the development of methane gas, which occurs when little oxygen is present, i.e. during anaerobic decomposition. In some countries, the methane being produced from sanitary landfills is tapped and sold as fuel.

          OPEN DUMPING: Open dumps refer to uncovered areas that are used to dump soil waste of all kinds. The waste is untreated, uncovered, and not segregated. Materials are spread out over a large land area so that microbes can decompose them, are examples of biological treatment of hazardous waste. It is the breeding ground for flies, rats, and other insects that spread disease. The rainwater run-off from these dumps contaminates nearby land and water thereby spreading disease.

Advantages 

·    convenient

·        inexpensive

·        source of nutrients, shelter and breeding

Disadvantages

·           Health - hazard- insects, rodents etc.

·           damage due to air pollution

·           ground water and run-off pollution

          BURNING: If we burn solid wastes an increase in carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, increase in the amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, smog etc.), thermal pollution and other alien activities of this world would disturb the earth’s heat balance and the climate.

                   If plastic wastes are burned, toxic gases like dioxin and furan causes major health hazards.

          DUMPING IN RIVERBANKS: The discharge of waste substances into the riverbanks resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality for use of river water is called water pollution .The change in physical, chemical and biological conditions of the river water is due to the water pollution.

          RECYCLING AND RE-USE: The process of extracting resources from waste is generally referred to as recycling, meaning to recover or reuse the material. There are a number of different methods by which waste material is recycled: the raw materials may be extracted and reprocessed, or the calorific content of the waste may be converted to electricity. The wastes are collected and sorted into common types so that the raw materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.

To encourage the use of recyclables, Human Resource Development efforts should be intensified to train the people in various organizations to reorient current waste management practices to include waste re-use and recycling.

COMPOSTING: The breeder worms should be transferred to compost pit where, actually decomposition has to take place. The rural organic wastes like crop residues, animal manure, green weeds, leaves etc. can be kept in pits. The compost pit then left for two months. Within two months, about 10kg of castings are produced per kg of worms. These castings can be used as manure. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.

 PROBLEMS FACING IN EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT

-No storage of waste at source

-No system of primary collection from doorsteps

-Difficulties in the segregation of waste at the source

-Waste storage depots have been a problem

-Transportation of waste is not satisfactory

-Processing of waste: only a few cities have been practicing this

-Disposal of waste is a neglected area of SWM services and the                                                                            current practices are grossly

-Unscientific

INFERENCES

         

·        Difficulties in the segregation of waste at source.

·        Improper waste managements like burning, open dumping, dumping in riverbanks etc. leads to health hazards and extinction of living things.

·        During burning the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to depletion of ozone layer causes skin cancer, cortical cataracts etc.

·        If plastic wastes are burned in the open, they emit toxic gases like dioxin and furan which are again a health hazard.

·         Lack of advanced technology lead to improper waste management.

·        Open dumping causes breeding of flies, rats etc. leads to spread diseases.

·        Composting, recycle, re-use increases the economy of the country.

·        Lack of transportation facilities increases improper waste management practices.

·        Ignorance of proper waste management practices making many     problems among the local peoples.

·        Government and non-governmental organizations, schools, public sectors can provide knowledge about advanced waste management practices.

·        Lack of practices of rules regarding the waste management increases the violation of human rights.

SUGGESTIONS

• Clear-cut policy package, incentives, guidelines needs to be promoted for 3R

• Easy financial support should be promoted by bank/ financial organizations and incentives should be extended to 3R projects.

• Capacity building training programs and research on waste management required for both public and private sector

• Role of Media needs be promoted to inform people and raise mass awareness on 3R.

• Public-Private-Community Partnership needs to be promoted to bring in investment in 3R projects.

• Informal sector should to be given special attention in waste management initiatives

    •Regular information on source separation, promotion of waste     reduction at source;

• Reporting on best practices and success stories on waste minimization and recycling;

• Reporting on financial and environmental benefits of 3R;

• Multiple technology options will be considered for waste treatment and recycling in a city rather than a single technology as well as for industries

• Since major portion of municipal waste is organic, technologies that can convert organic waste into organic fertilizer or biogas (which may then be used for electricity generation) should be encouraged

• Decentralized technologies should be preferred over centralized technologies of waste management

CONCLUSION

          For lasting and long-term improvements, environmental management must be brought about through educational programs, which will result in systematic capacity building through the formal education system. Development of training courses for tertiary educational institutions will need to be developed as part of the implementation of the strategy. The DEO have to actively involved with the Ministry of Education and with schools to introduce environmental education into the school system. The school project will be planned and implemented in parallel and in close co-operation with the capacity building components of the National 3R Strategy. Demonstration projects on different technologies and best practices on 3R should be also established in the short and medium terms for domestic, institutional waste, commercial, agricultural, hazardous and industrial waste. Research institutions, universities as well as environmental NGOs must be engaged to implement such projects.

SOURCES

JOURNALS

Dr.Pillai Sivadasan, K & Dr. Pflug Bernd.(2002).Hospital Waste              Management.International Educator,14(1&2).Thiruvananthapuram:

          S.Harish Kumar for Kalaniketan Publishers.

Dr.(Fr.)Tigga Ranjit.(2012). Voice of Sustainable Development. Vikas Vani           Journal,6(2.Jabalpur: A Xidcom Publication.

Dr.Joy,K.P.(2010).Environment Journal. Tree India,24(11)& (2011) 28(8).

          Kottayam: The Friends of Trees Publication.

Kurukshetra, (2013). A Journal on rural development,61(3)& (2012)60(8).           India: Publications Division. Ministry of Information &       Broadcasting.

INTERNET

www.google.co.in

www.wikipedia  

BOOKS

Uberoi,N.K.(2010).Environmental management. New Delhi:Anurag Jain for Excel Books.

Dr.Balu,V.(2006).Environmental Studies.Madurai: Sri Venkateswara Publications.

Dr. Mukherjee Roma.(2002).Environmental Management and Awareness Issues.New Delhi: Sterling publishers Pvt Ltd.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Institutions visited

1.  St. Little Thresia’s L.P.S Bharananganam

2.  I.H.M Hospital Marigiri

3.  Seraphic Press,Bharananganam

4.  Tailoring Centre of Seraphic Press,Bharananganam

5.   Sulapha Super Market, Pala

Vellarigattu House,